India Polity-GK questions and answers

India Polity GK Articles

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                   Today i'm sharing an article about Indian Polity. Read it,and prepare your own note with points,and also prepare well for your upcoming competitive exams like UPSC , PSC, SSC, IBPS..etc. Do well dears ,all the best.

Indian Constitution

• Demand for a constituent assembly composed of the people of India officially asserted by the congress for the first time in 1935.
• The election for Indian constitution assembly held in 1946 according to the cabinet mission plan
• The first session of the assembly was held in New Delhi on December 9,1946.
• Sachidanand Sinha was elected provisional chairman of the session.
• On December 11,1946,Dr. Rajendra prasad was elected as the permanent chairman of the constituent assembly.
• The constitution was framed by the constituent assembly of India ,set-up in december 1946,in accordance with the cabinet mission plan,under the chairmanship of Sachidanand Sinha,initially.
• The total membership of constituent assembly was 299,when 70 were representatives from the Indian states and others from British India.
• The chairman of the drafting committee was 299, when 70 were representatives from the Indian states and others from British India.
• The chairman of the Drafting committee was Dr. B.R Ambedkar,also called the father of the constitution.
• The constitution,adopted on 8th November,1949,contained 395 Articles and schedules.
• The constitution was delayed till 26th January because,in 1929,on this day Indian national congress demanded poorna swaraj in Lahore Session under JL Nehru.
• Indian constitution is a comprehensive document and it is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.

The Preamble

• The Preamble of the constitution : "we the people of India,having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign,socialist,secular democratic republic and to secure to all its citizen:

Justice, Social,economic and political;

Liberty of thought,expression,belief,faith and worship;

Equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;

Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;

In our constitution assembly,this twenty-sixth day of November 1949,do hereby adopt,enact and give to ourselves this constitution"

Main Features -

1. It is perhaps the bulkiest written constitution.
2. It combines rigidity with flexibility.
3. Envisages parliamentary system of government,both at the center and the states,real executive,power with the council of ministers.
4. It provides a federal system of government with a unity bias.
5. It declares India a secular state.
6. An elaborate list of fundamental rights and duties is given in the constitution.
7. It lays down directive principles of state policy.It provides for single citizenship.
8. It makes special provision for the protection of backward classes.
9. It grants rights to vote to all adults above the age of 18 years without any distinction.

Important Articles

Part 1- (Union and its territories)

(Article 1-4)

• The constitution says,"India,that is Bharat,shall be a Union states".
• Parliament has the power to create any state,reduce it,change the name of boundaries of any state.

Part 2- (Citizenship)

(Article 5-11)

• The constitution provides for a single citizenship.
• Indian citizenship can be acquire :

1. by birth
2. by descent
3. by registration
4. by naturalisation
5. by incorporation of territory

• Indian citizenship can be lost by:

1. renunciation
2. termination- it takes place if a citizen of India voluntary accquires the citizenship of another country; and
3. deprivation - if the government terminates the citizenship.

Part 3- (Fundamental rights)

(Article 12-35)

• Following fundamental rights are enjoyed by every Indian citizen,irrespective of caste,color,creed and sex:

1. Right to equality: No special privileges,no distinction on grounds of religion,caste,creed and sex.
2. Right to freedom:The right to freedom of expression and speech,the right to choose one's own profession,the right to reside in any part of the Indian union.
3. Right to freedom to religion:Except when it is in the interest of public order,morality,health or other conditions,everybody has the right to profess,practice and propagate his religion freely.
4. Cultural and educational rights:The constitution provides that every community can run its own institutions to preserve its own culture and language.
5. Right against exploitation:Traffic in human beings and forced labour and the employment of children under 14 years in factories or mines,are punishable offences.
6. Rights to constitutional remedies: When a citizen finds that any of his fundamental rights has been encroached upon,he can move the supreme court,which has been empowered to safeguard the fundamental rights of a citizen(Article 32)

Part 4- (Directive Principles of State Policy)

(Article 36-51)

• Directive principles are not enforceable through courts.Main aim of directive principles is to provide social and economic base of a genuine democracy.

Some Important Directive Principles :

• Provisions for adequate means of livelihood for all citizens (Article 39)
• Right to work (Article 41)
• Right to human condition of work and maternity relief (Article 42)
• Right to living wage and condition of work ensuring decent standard of life of worker (Article 43)
• Common civil code (Article 44)
• Prohibit consumption of liquor (Article 47)
• Prevent slaughter of useful cattle (Article 48)
• Organize panchayati Raj (Article 40)
• Separate the judiciary from the executive (Article 50)
• Protect and maintain places of historic monuments (Article 49)
• International peace (Article 51)

Part 4 A- (Fundamental duties)

(Article 51 A)

• The fundamental duties for the Indian citizens have been incorporated in the constitution through the constitution (42nd) amendment Act, 1976. These duties are:

1. To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,the national flag and the national anthem;
2. to cherish and follow the noble deeds which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
3. To  uphold and protect the sovereignty,unity and integrity of India;
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people transcending religious, regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
7. To protect and improve natural environment including forests,lakes,rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
8. To develop the scientific temper,humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11. Who is parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or,as the case may be,ward between age of six and fourteen years.

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India Polity-GK questions and answers 

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GK Questions and answers: Biology

   GK Article mode Botany 

Hi friends, first of all thank you for visiting my blog .Today i'm sharing some points of biological facts, hope you have helpful . keep reading and visit again

1. Nelumbonucifere is the scientific name of:
A. Baniyan tree
B. Tulasi
C. Lotus
D. Marigold
Ans : C. Lotus

2. Which of the following is a parasitic plant?
A. Drosera
B. Nepenthes
C. Cuscuta
D. Utricularia
Ans : C. Cuscuta

3. The element present in the chlorophyll molecule:
A. Mn
B. Cl
C. Mg
D. Zn
Ans :  C. Mg

4. The scientific name of plant "Kanikkonna".
A. Phyllanthus Emblica
B. Cassia Fistula
C. Artocarpus Heterophylla
D. Musa Paradiciaca
Ans : B. Cassia Fistula

5. The smallest flowering plant:
A. Wolffia
B. Eichornia
C. Centella
D. Nelumbium
Ans : A. Wolffia

6. Nitrogen is available for plants in the form of:
A. Nitrogen gas
B. Nitrogen dioxide
C. Nitrate
D. Nitric acid
Ans : C. Nitrate

7. Photosynthesis takes faster in the color of:
A. Yellow light
B. Green light
C. White light
D. Darkness
Ans : C. White light

8. Potato is which part of the plant?
A. Root
B. Stem
C. Tuber
D. Mesocarp
Ans : C. Tuber

9. The plant hormones product at the shoot tip cells to grow longer is:
A. Gibberellin
B. Cytolumin
C. Auxin
D. None
Ans : C. Auxin

10. Parallel venation in leaves is a characteristic feature of:
A. Dicotyledons plants
B. Monocotyledons plants
C. Gymnosperm
D. Algae
Ans : B. Monocotyledons plants

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

(a) Anthropology : Deals with the scientific study of man and the mankind.
(b) Agronomy : Deals with the management of farms and science of crop production.
(c) Apiculture : Deals with the process of bee keeping for commercial purposes.
(d) Entomology : Deals with the structure,habits and classification of insects.
(e) Eugenics : Deals with improving the human race.
(f) Pathology : Deals with the nature of disease,their causes,symptoms,effects,their cure and control.
(g) Physiotherapy : Deals with the treatment of diseases,body weakness or defects with the help of massage and exercise etc.
(h) Sericulture : Deals with the production of raw silk from silkworm.
(i) Pharmacology : Deals with the knowledge and manufacture of drugs.
(j) Occupational therapy : Deals with treating the physically handicapped or injured persons through exercise etc.
(k) Psychology : Deals with the study of human mind,its behavior and mental qualities.
(l) DNA finger printing : Technique to help identify a person on the basis of genes.

ANIMALS/PLANTS

• The organisms that closely resemble one another are placed in one group,the groups which have similarities are combined together into larger groups,and these into still larger ones.The most inclusive category is kingdom.Other major categories,in descending order are : phylum, class,order,family,genus,and species.Man belongs to animal kingdom,chordate division or phylum,mammalia class,primates order,hominid family,homo genus and sapiens species.

CELL THEORY

• Cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms.According to the cell theory,all organism are composed of cells and cell products and growth and development results from the division and differentiation of cells.
• Cells membrane surrounds all living cells.
• Nucleus is the most important cell organelle which  controls and coordinates all cell activities and also concerned with the transmission of heredity characters.
• Mitochondria,ribosomes,Iysosomes and dictyosomes are present in plant and animal cells.
• Only plant cells have cell wall,chloroplast and vacuole.
• Viruses constitute a difficulty since in many they are intermediate between living and dead matter.
• The cell is said to be made up of a substance called protoplasm which has two main constituents cytoplasm and nucleus,and is bounded by a cell membrane on outside.
• Cells take up the raw materials for metabolism through the cell membrane from extracellular fluid surrounding them.
• Cytoplasm inside is responsible for maintaining the internal distribution of organelles and also for free cell movements.
• Mitochondria inside provides energy for reactions inside the cell.Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
• The endoplasmic reticulum helps in addition of other sugar units to proteins and their transportation to other parts of the cell.

FOOD

• It is a nutritive substance taken by an organism for growth,work,repair and maintaining life processes.It provides energy to do work and maintain body heat,provides materials for the growth of the body,makes necessary materials for reproduction and provides materials for the repair of damaged cells and tissues of our body.
• Carbohydrates: For a normal person,400 to 500 gms of carbohydrates are required daily but for sports persons,growing children and nursing mothers,it is on higher side.
• Proteins : They are complex organic compounds made up of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen.The building blocks of protein are amino acids and there are large number of amino acids.
• Proteins are essential for the growth of children and teenagers,and for maintenance and making good the wear and tear of the body tissues in adults.
• An adult needs about 1 gm of protein per kg of body weight.
• Fats : They are esters of long chain fatty acids and an alcohol called glycerol.Fats also contain atoms of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.
• The main function of fats in the body is to provide a steady source of energy and for this purpose,they are deposited within the body.
• One gm of fat gives 37 kilo joules of energy which is more than double of that given by carbohydrates.
• Fats,the richest source of energy to our body,can be stored in the body for subsequent use.Fats,soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water,also supply fat-soluble vitamins to our body.
• Minerals : Some of the important minerals needed by our body are - iron,iodine,calcium,phosphorus,sodium,potassium,zinc,copper,magnesium,chloride,fluoride and sulphur.
• We get most of the minerals in combined from plant sources.Deficiency of these minerals causes many diseases.
• Energy Requirements : The energy requirements of a body varies according to age,sex,lifestyle,occupation,climate and special situations like pregnancy and lactation.
• Vitamins : They act as catalysts in certain chemical reactions of metabolism in our body.
• They don't provide energy to our body nor from body tissues.
• More than 15 types of vitamins are known and only 2 vitamins- D and K can be formed in our body.
• Roughage : Though it does not provide any energy to the body,yet keeps the digestive system in order,by helping in retaining constitution.
• The main source of roughage are salads,cabbage,corn cob,porridge,vegetables and fruits with stems.

DISEASES    

Communicable diseases :        

• They are the diseases which can be transmitted from reservoirs of infection or infected person to the healthy but susceptible persons.
• The disease causing agent or the pathogen can be transmitted directly or indirectly.

Deficiency diseases :

•  These occur due to deficiency of some nutrients in the diet or some hormone due to hypo activity or damage to endocrine glands.

Allergic disease :

• In these diseases,body becomes hypersensitive to some foreign agents,allergens,which cause inflammation when come in contact with the body or enter inside the body.
• Foreign agents can be dust,pollens,certain-foods,serum,certain drugs or fabrics.
• The unfavorable response of the body to allergens is called allergic reaction.Asthma and hay fever are allergic diseases. 

Bacterial diseases :

• Bacteria are minute organisms which are known to cause a number of diseases: Tuberculosis,diphtheria,cholera,leprosy,whopping cough,tetanus,typhoid,plague,pneumonia.
• Viral diseases are chicken-pox,small pox,poliomyelitis,measles,mumps,rabies,influenza etc.

Diseases caused by protozoa :

• Amoebas (Amoebic dysentery),Malaria,Kala-azar,Trypanosomiasis and Giardiasis are main diseases caused by protozoans.
• Malaria is a parasitic infection.

PARTS OF PLANTS

ROOTS

• Root is an underground cylindrical part of the plant which develops from radicle and grows vertically down into the soil.
• The primary functions of the root is to fix the plant firmly with the soil and to absorb water and mineral nutrients.
• In some plants,roots help in synthesis of  food,respiration,storing food, helping the weak stem climb and vegetative reproduction.
• Nodulated roots of gram,groundnut,Beans,etc.have nitrogen fixing bacteria.

STEM

• Stem is the main axis of plants.it develops from plumule of embryo,grows in the upward direction,towards the sun.
• Its main function is to conduct water,mineral and food material and food material,to produce and support of leaves and reproductive structure.

 LEAF

• Leaves are the food manufacturing organs of the plant.
• Green leaves contain chlorophyll which is responsible for manufacturing food.
• Loss of water takes place from leaf surface,called transpiration,which creates tension needed for ascent of food,water and nutrients.
• Through leaves exchange of gases between the environment and the plant takes place.
• In some plants,leaves store food and water,protect from grazing animals,help in vegetative reproduction,help in climbing the plants with weak stem.

Photosynthesis

• It is the only process on earth by which solar energy is trapped by autotrophic organisms and converted into food.
• Inorganic compounds carbon dioxide and water form carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight with liberation of oxygen.

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GK Questions and answers: Biology

        

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Indian History:Civilization-Vedas

Indian History

Hi Friends,  Present this blog post "www.a2zgkinfo.com" has been developed keeping in mind the requirements of school and college students and the aspirants of various competitive exams  organised by SSC, UPSC,PSC, Banks,RBI, Railway,LIC,GIC,JBT/NTT,Army exams.

  As general knowledge plays an important role in achieving success in almost every competitive examinations,the main aim of this blog is to present this vast subject in a systematic,concise and reader-friendly manner to make the aspirants grasp its various topics easily and quickly.

                                  Today i'm creating an article about Indian History. Read it,and prepare your own note with points,and also prepare well for your upcoming competitive exams like UPSC , PSC, SSC, IBPS..etc. Do well dears ,all the best.

               

Indus Valley Civilisation (2500-1750 BC) :

• The earliest excavations in the Indus valley were done at Harappa in the west Punjab and Mohanjadaro in Sindh. Both places are now in Pakistan.

Features of the Harappan Culture-

1. The Harappan Civilization was primarily Urban.
2. Mohanjodaro and Harappa were the planned cities.
3. The large-scale use of bricks in almost all kinds of construction are the important characteristics of Harappan culture.
4. Another remarkable feature was the underground drainage system connecting all houses to the street drains which were covered by stone slabs or bricks.
5. The most important public place of Mohanjodaro is the great bath measuring 39 feet length,23 feet breadth and 8 feet depth.
6. Agriculture was the most important occupation. In the fertile soils,farmers cultivated two crops a year. They were the first who had grown paddy.
7. Wheat and barley were the main crops grown besides sesame, mustard and cotton.
8. Animals like sheep ,goats and buffalo were domesticated. The use of horse is not yet firmly established.
9. Bronze and copper vessels are the outstanding examples of the Harappan metal craft.
10. Alare number of seals numbering more than 2000 have been discovered.

Social Life-

• Jewelries such as bangles,bracelets,fillets,girdles, anklets,ear-rings and finger rings were worn by women.These ornaments were made of gold,silver,copper,bronze and semi precious stones.
• Fishing was a regular occupation while hunting and bull fighting were other pastimes.
• Manufacture of terracotta (burnt clay) was a major industry of the people.
• Figures of animals such as sacred bull and dove were discovered.The figures of mother goddesses were used for religious purposes.
• Most of the inscriptions were engraved on seals. It is interesting script has not yet been deciphered.
• The pipal tree was used as a religious symbol.
• The origin of the "Swastika" symbol can be traced to the Harrapan civilization.
• The chief male deity was Pasupati,(proto-Siva) represented in seals as sitting in a yogic posture with three faces and two horns.

The Vedic Period

Rig Vedic Age (1500-1000 B.C) :

• The early vedic period is known from the rig veda
• The rig Veda refers to saptasindhu or the land of seven rivers.This includes the five rivers of the Punjab,namely,Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,Beas and Sutlej along with the Indus and Saraswathi.
• Historians view that the Aryans came from central Asia. They entered India through the Khyber pass between 2000 B.C and 1500 B.C.They first settled in seven places in the Punjab region which they called Sapta Sindhu. Slowly ,they moved towards the gangetic valley.
• The Aryan Civilization was a rural civilization.

Vedic :  The  word "veda" is derived from the root 'vid', which means to know and signifies 'superior knowledge'.

• The vedic literature consist of the four vedas- Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.
• The rig veda is the earlist of the four veda divided into 10 mandalas and it consist of 1028 hymns.The hymns were sung by Hotri in praise of various lords.
• The Yajur Veda consist various details of rules to be observed at the time of sacrifice.Its hymns were recited by Adharvayus.
• The sama Veda is set to tune for  the purpose of chanting during sacrifice.It is called the book of chants and the Origins of Indian music are traced in it.Its hymns were recited by Udgatri .
• The Atharva veda contains details of rituals.
• Besides the Vedas, there are other sacred works like Brahmans,the Aranyakas ,the Upanishads,and the epics Ramayana and mahabharata.

Political Organisation

• During this period,the kingdom was tribal in character.Each tribe formed a separate kingdom.
• The basic unit of political organisation was " kula" or family .
• The highest political unit was called "jana" or tribe.
• There were several tribal kingdoms during the rig vedic period such as Bharatas,matsyas,yadus and purus. The head of the kingdom was called as rajan or king.
• There were two popular bodies called the sabha and samiti.The former seems to have been a council of elders and the latter,a general assembly of the entire people.

Economic condition:

• The rig vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing.Their wealth was estimated in terms of their cattle.
• Carpentry was another important profession.

Religion:

• The important rig vedic gods were prithvi(Earth),Agni(Fire),Vayu(wind),varuna(Rain) and Indra(thunder).
• Indra was the most popular among during the early vedic period.
• There were also female gods like aditi ans Ushas. There were no temples and no idol worship during the early vedic period.

JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

JAINISM :

• Jainism originated in 6th century B.C.It rejected vedic religion and avoided its rituals.
• Founded by Rishabha Deva. Rishabha Dava was succeeded by thirthankara (prophets).Mahavira was the 24th Thirthankara.

Vardhamana Mahavira(540-468 B.C)

• Vardhamana Mahavira was born in a village called Kundagrama near Vaishali in Bihar.
• His father was Siddhartha.He was the head of a famous Kshatriya clan.
• His mother was Trisala. She was a princess of the Lichchhavi clan.She was the sister of the ruler Vaishali.
• Vardhamana was married to Ya-soda,a princess.They had a daughter.
• At the age of 30,he left his home and family.He became an ascetic(monk).He wandered from place-to-place in search of truth for 12 years.
• In the 13th year of his penance,he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kalevala Jnana. Thereafter,he was called Mahavira and Jina. His followers were called Janis and his religion Jainism.
• He died at the age of 72 in 468 B.C at a place called Pavapuri near modern Rajgir.

Teachings of Jainism :

• The three principles of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems),are:

1.  right faith.
2. right knowledge
3. right conduct

• Mahavira preached his disciples to follow the five principles.They are:

1. Ahimsa-not to injure any living beings.
2. Satya-to speak the truth.
3. Asteya-not to steal.
4. Tyag-not to own property.
5. Brahmacharia-to lead a virtuous life.

Spread of Jainism :

• Mahavira preached his religion in Prakrit language which was the language of the masses.
• Chandragupta Maurya,Kharavela of Kalinga such as the Gangas,the Kadambas,the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas patronized Jainism.
• Jainism was divided into two sections after vallabhi council,namely Svetambaras (wearing white dresses) under sthulbhadra and digambaras(naked) under Bhadrabahu.
• The first jain council was convened at Pataliputra by sthulabhu,the leader of the Digambaras,in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C.

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Indian History:Civilization-Vedas

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Important Abbreviations Full Forms - competitive exams 2018

A to Z Important Abbreviations, Commonly used in Govt Exam like IBPS, RRB, SSC, and PSC Important Abbreviations will help you to crack written exam for job.

                                         PART 2

hi learners,

                   here i'm providing several full form , these questions are frequently asks in many type of competitive exams.So i hope this will help you to prepare for exams.

Here is the list of Important A to Z Abbreviations–

Letter [D] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

DA : Dearness Allowance; Daily Allowance
DAP : Development Action Plan
DBOD : Department of Banking Operations and Development
DBS Bank Lt : The Development Bank of Singapore Limited.
DCA : Department of Company Affairs
DCM : Department of Currency Management
DD : Demand Draft
DDS : Data Dissemination Standards
DICGC : Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
DMA : Departmentalized Ministries Account
DMIC : Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor
DPEP : District Primary Education Program
DC : Direct Current
DDT : Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro-Ethane
DIR : Defence of India Rules Esq : Esquire
DLO : Dead Letter Office
DPI : Director of public Instruction
DA : Dearness Allowance; Daily Allowance
DAVP : Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity
DC : Deputy Commissioner; Direct Current in Electricity
DDT : Dichloro-Diphenyl Trichloro-ethane (disinfectant)
DIN : Director Information Number
DM : District Magistrate; Deputy Minister
DMIC : Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor
DMK : Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (a regional political party of Tamil Nadu)
DNA : Deoxy-ribo Nucleic Acid
DO : Demi-official (letter)
DOD : Department of Ocean Development
DPEP : District Primary Education Programme
DPI : Director of Public Instruction
DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory
DRDO : Defence Research and Development Organisation
DRES : Department of Renewable Energy Sources
DST : Daylight Saving Time
DTH : Direct to Home (broadcasting)
Letter [E] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
ECA : Essential Commodity Act
ECB : External Commercial Borrowings
ECS : Electronic Clearing Service
EDUSAT : Education Satellite
EEE : Exempt Exempt Exempt
EEFC Accounts : Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account
EET : Exempt Exempt Taxation
EFA : Education for All
EFT : Electronic fund transfer
EGOM : Empowered Group of Ministers
EMI : Equated Monthly Installment
EMS : European Monetary System
EPF : Employees Provident Fund
EPFO : Employees Provident Fund Organization
ERNET : Educational and Research Network
ESA : European Space Agency
ESCAP : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacify
ESMA : Essential Services Maintenance Act
ESOP : Employee Stock Option Program
EU : European Union
EXIM : Export Import Bank of India
E & OE : Errors and Omissions Excepted
EG : Exempli Gratia
eg : exempli gratia; for example
ECG : Electro Cardio-gram
ECS : Electronic Clearing Service
ECT : Electro-convulsant Therapy (electric shock treatment)
EDUSAT : Education Satellite
EEG : Electro-encephalography
EET : Exempt Exempt Taxation
EFA : Education for All
EFF : Extended Fund Facility
EHTP : Electronic Hardware Technology Parks
ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immuno Solvent Assay (used for testing AIDS)
EMI : Equated Monthly Instalments
EMS : European Monetary System
EMU : Electric-Multiple Unit; Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit; (European) Economic and Monetary Union
EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
ER : Eastern Railway
ERM : Exchange Rate Mechanism
ERNET : Educational and Research Network
ESA : European Space Agency
ESCAP : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESMA : Essential Services Maintenance Act
ESOP : Employee Stock Option Programme
Etc : Et Cetera
etc : et cetera (and other things)
EU : European Union
EVM : Electronic Voting Machine
Letter [F] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
FCCB : Foreign Currency Convertible Bond
FCNR : Foreign Currency (Non-Resident) Accounts Scheme
FCNR(B) : Foreign Currency Currency Non-Repatriable (Banks)
FCNR(B) : Foreign Currency Non-resident (Banks)
FDI : Foreign Direct Investment
FEMA : Foreign Exchange Management Act
FERA : Foreign Exchange Regulations Act
FICCI : Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FICCI : Federation of Indian Chambers Of Commerce and Industry
FII : Foreign Institutional Investors
FIMMDA : Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India
FIPB : Foreign Investment Promotion Board (Of India)
FMCG : Fast Moving Consumer Goods
FPO : Follow on Public Offer
FRBM : Fiscal Responsibility And Budget Management
FSSA : Food Safety And Standards Authority (Of India)
FTA : Free Trade Area
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation
FOR : Free On Rail
FRCS : Fellow Of Royal Collage of Surgeons
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisation
FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation (of the U.S.A.)
FCNR : Foreign Currency (non-resident) Accounts Scheme
FDR : Flight Data Recorder; Fixed Deposit Receipt
FEMA : Foreign Exchange Management Act
FERA : Foreign Exchange Regulations Act
FICCI : Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FII : Foreign Institutional Investors
FIPB : Foreign Investment Promotion Board (of India)
FLAG : Fibre Optic Link Around the Globe
FM : Field Marshal; Frequency Modulated
FPSB : Financial Planning Standards Boards (India)
FRBM : Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
FSSA : Food Safety and Standards Authority (of India)
FTA : Free Trade Area
FTP : File Transfer Protocol

Letter [G] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

GATT : General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade
GCC : Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GDR : Global Depositary Receipt
GEF : Global Environment Fund
GIC : General Insurance Corporation
GNP : Gross National Product
GOI : Government of India
GST : Goods and Service Tax
GK : General Knowledge
GMT : Greenwich Mean Time
GPF : General Post Office
GAGAN : GPS-aided Geo-augmented Navigation
GAIL : Gas Authority of India Limited
GAIN : Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
GATS : General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCA : General Currency Area
GCC : Gulf Cooperation Council
GCM : Greatest Common Measure
GEF : Global Environment Fund
GHQ : General Headquarters
GIC : General Insurance Corporation
GIST : Graphics and Intelligence-based Script Technology
GMPS : Global Mobile Personal Communications System
GMRT : Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope
GMT : Greenwich Mean Time
GNP : Gross National Product
GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite System
GOC : General Officer Commanding
GOOGLE : Global Organization Of Oriented Group Language of Earth
GPO : General Post Office
GPRS : General Packet Radio System
GPS : Global Positioning System
GSLV : Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
GSP : Generalised Special Preferences
GST : Goods and Service Tax
GSTP : Global System of Trade Preferences

Letter [H] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

HDFC : Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited
HDI : Human Development Index
HSBC : Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited
HUDCO : Housing & Urban Development Corporation
HUDCO : Housing And Urban Development Corporation
HH : His Or Highness
HMT : Hindustan Machine Tools
HP : Horse Power
HAWS : High Altitude Warfare School
HCF : Highest Common Factor
HDFC : Housing Development Finance Corporation
HDI : Human Development Index
HDTV : High Definition Television
HE : His (or Her) Excellency; His (or Her) Eminence; High Explosive; Horizontal Equivalent
HITS : Headend In The Sky
HMMWV : High Mobility Multipurpose-Wheeled Vehicle
HMS : Hybrid Mail Service
HP : Himachal Pradesh; Horizontal Plane; Horse Power
HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP : Hypetext Transfer Protocol
HUDCO : Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HVDC : High Voltage Direct Current

Letter [I] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
IAAI : International Airport Authority Of India
IAAS : Indian Audit and Accounts Service
IADF : International Agricultural Development Fund
IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency
IASB : The International Accounting Standards Board
IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAI : Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICCW : Indian Council for Child Welfare
ICDS : Integrated Child Development Service
ICICI : Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
ICMR : Indian Council of Medical Research
ICOR : Incremental capital output ratio
ICRA : Investment information and Credit Rating Agency
ICRC : International Committee of Red Cross
IDA : International Development Association
IDBI : Industrial Development Bank of India
IDR : Indian Depository Receipts
IES : Indian Economic Service
IEX : Indian Energy Exchange
IFAD : International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC : International Finance Corporation
IFRS : International Financial Reporting Standard
IFSC : Indian Financial System Code
IFSC : Indian financial system code
IFTU : International Federation of Trade Unions
IFWJ : Indian Federation of Working Journalists
IIP : The Index of Industrial Production
IIPA : Indian Institute of Public Administration
IISS : International Institute of Strategic Studies
ILO : International Labor Organization
IMF : International Monetary Fund
IMO : International Maritime Organization
IMRB : Indian Market Research Bureau
INMARSAT : International Maritime Satellite Organization
INR : Indian Rupee
INTERPOL : International Police Organization
INTUC : Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOC : International Olympic Committee
IP : Interest Payment
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPEC : International Program on Elimination Of Child Labor
IPO : Initial public offer
IPR : Intellectual Property Right
IRDA : Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
IRDA : Insurance Regulatory Development Authority
IREP : Integrated Rural Energy Planning
ISO : International Standardization Organization
ISS : International Space Station
ITDC : Indian Tourism Development Corporation
ITO : International Trade Organization; Income-Tax Officer
ITU : International Tele-Communication Union
IA : Intermediate In Arts
IAF : Indian Air Force
IAS : Indian Administrative Association
ie : id est (that is)
IFA : Indian Football Association
INA : Indian National Army
INTUC : Indian National Trade Union Congress
IPS : Indian Police Service
IST : Indian Standard Time
IAAI : International Airport Authority of India
IAAS : Indian Audit and Accounts Service
IADF : International Agricultural Development Fund
IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency
IAF : Indian Air Force
IAMC : Indian Army Medical Corps
IAS : Indian Administrative Service
IATA : International Air Transport Association
IATT : Inland Air Travel Tax
IBEX : Interstellar Boundary Explorer Mission
IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICCR : Indian Council of Cultural Relations
ICCW : Indian Council for Child Welfare
ICDS : Integrated Child Development Service
ICICI : Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
ICJ : International Court of Justice (with Headquarters at the Hague)
ICL : Indian Cricket League
ICMR : Indian Council of Medical Research
ICPA : Indian Cricket Players’ Association
ICRC : International Committee of the Red Cross
IDA : International Development Association
IDBI : Industrial Development Bank of India
IDSA : Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis
IEA : International Energy Agency
IES : Indian Economic Service
IEX : Indian Energy Exchange
IFRS : International Financial Reporting Standard
IFS : Indian Foreign Service; Indian Forest Service
IFTU : International Federation of Trade Unions
IFWJ : Indian Federation of Working Journalists
IGNOU : Indira Gandhi National Open University
IIPA : Indian Institute of Public Administration
IISS : International Institute of Strategic Studies
IIT : Indian Institutes of Technology
ILO : International Labour Organisation
IMA : Indian Military Academy
IMET : International Military Education Training Programme
IMF : International Monetary Fund
IMO : International Maritime Organisation
IN : Indian Navy; Intelligent Network
INA : Indian National Army
INK : International Newspaper Kiosks
INMARSAT : International Maritime Satellite Organisation
INMAS : Institute of Nuclear Medicines and Allied Sciences
INS : Indian Naval Ship; Indian Newspaper Society
INSAS : Indian Small Arms System
INSAT : Indian National Satellite
INTEL : Integrated Electronics
INTERPOL : International Police Organisation
INTUC : Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOC : International Olympic Committee
IP : Indian Police
IPC : Indian Penal Code
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPEC : International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour
IPI : International Press Institute
IPR : Intellectual Property Right
IPS : Indian Police Service; Indian Postal Service
IPTV : Internet Protocol Television
IPU : Inter-Parliamentary Union
IQ : Intelligence Quotient
IR : Infra-red
IRA : Insurance Regulatory Authority
IRBM : Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
IREP : Integrated Rural Energy Planning
IRS : Indian Remote Sensing Satellite; Indian Revenue Service
ISAF : International Stabilization and Assistance Force (in Afghanistan)
ISC : Inter-State Council
ISCON : International Society for Krishna Consciousness
ISCS : Integrated Smart Card System
ISD : International Subscriber Dialled (telephone)
ISH : Information Super Highway
ISI : Indian Standard Institute
ISI : Indian Statistical Institute
ISKCON : International Society for Krishna Consciousness
ISO : International Standardisation Organisation
ISP : Internet Service Provider
ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation
ISS : International Space Station
IST : Indian Standard Time
ISTRAC : ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network
ITDC : Indian Tourism Development Corporation
ITO : International Trade Organisation; Income-tax Officer
ITU : International Tele-communication Union
IUC : Interconnect User Charge

Letter [J] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
JCO : Junior Commissioned Officer
JNNURM : Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
JPC : Joint Parliamentary Committee
JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group
JWG : Joint Working Group

Letter [K] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
Kg : Kilogramme
KG : Kindergarten
KPO : Knowledge Process Outsourcing
KPO : Knowledge Process Outsourcing
KVIC : Khadi & Village Industries Corporation
KYC : Know your customer

Letter [L] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

LBW : Leg Before Wicket Ltd-Limited
LMG : Light Machine Gun
LMP : Licentiate in the practice of Medicine
LAC : Line of Actual Control
LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LCA : Light Combat Aircraft
LDC : Least Developed Countries
LHC : Large Hadron Collider
LIC : Life Insurance Corporation (of India)
LLB : Bachelor Of law
LLP : Limited Liability Partnership
LML : Lohia Machines Limited
LOAC : Line of Actual Control
Lt,Lient : Lieutenant
LTA : Light Transport Aircraft
LTTE : Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
LAMPS : Large-sized Adivasi Multipurpose Societies
LDC : Least Developed Countries
LIBOR : London Inter Bank Offer Rate
LIC : Life Insurance Corporation (Of India)
LLP : Limited Liability Partnership

Letter [M] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

MA : Moving Average
MAIT : Manufacturers’ Association for Information Technology
MAT : Minimum Alternative Tax
MCA : Ministry of Company Affairs
MCAP : Market capitalization / Mid cap
MDG : Millennium development goals
MEP : Minimum Export Price
MFA : Multi-Fiber Agreement
MFI : Micro finance institution
MFIN : Micro finance institution network
MFN : Most Favored Nation
MGNREGA : National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MIBOR : Mumbai Inter bank offer rate
MICR : Magnetic ink character recognition
MIN : Mutual fund identification no.
MIS : Marketing Intelligence System
MNC : Multi-National Corporation
MRP : Maximum Retail Price
MRTPC : Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
MRTS : Mass Rapid Transit System
MSME : Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
MSP : Minimum support price
MT : Mail Transfer
MTO : Multilateral Trade Organization
MA : Master of Arts
MBBS : Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery
MCC : Marylebone Cricket Club
MED : Master of Education
MISA : Maintenance of Internal Security Act
MLA : Member of Legislative Assembly
MLC : Member of Legislative
MP : Member of Parliament
MPH : Mile Per Hour
MAT : Minimum Alternative Tax
MBBS : Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MCF : Master Control Facility
MDH(Massala) : Mahashian Di Hatti
MEP : Minimum Export Price
MER : Mars Exploration Rover
MES : Military Engineering Service
METSAT : Meteorological Satellite
MFA : Multi-Fibre Agreement
MFN : Most Favoured Nation
MIP : Moon Impact Probe
MMS : Multimedia Messaging Service
MMTC : Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India
MNC : Multi-national Corporation
MNIC : Multi-purpose National Identity Card
MODEM : Modulator-Demodulator
MPEG : Motion Picture Experts Groups
MRF : Madras Rubber Factory
MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRTPC : Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
MRTS : Mass Rapid Transit System
MSA : Maritime Safety Agency
MSCF : Maritime Security Cooperation Framework
Mss : Manuscript
MTCR : Missile Technology Control Regime
MTO : Multilateral Trade Organisation
MUNO : Maha Vir Chakra
MVC : Maha Vir Chakra

Letter [N] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAEP : National Adult Education Program
NAFED : National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd
NAFTA : North America Free Trade Agreement
NAM : Non-Aligned Movement
NAMA : Non-Agriculture Market Access
NASDAQ : National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NASSCOM : National Association of Software and Services Companies
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAV : Net Asset Value
NBFC : Non Banking Finance Companies
NCAER : National Council Of Applied Economic Research
NCERT : National Council Of Education Research And Training
NCPCR : National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
NDC : National Development Council
NEFT : National Electronic Fund Transfer
NEGP : National E-Governance Plan
NEP : National Education Policy
NFO : New Fund Offers
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
NHAI : National Highways Authority of India
NHDP : National Highways Development Project
NHRC : National Human Rights Commission
NIC : National Industrial Classification
NIFT : National Institute of Fashion Technology
NIO : National Institute of Oceanography
NLMA : National Literacy Mission Authority
NMDC : National Mineral Development Corporation
NNP : Net National Production
NOHFC : non-operative financial holding company
NPA : Non Performing Asset
NPR : National Population Register
NRI : Non-Resident Indian
NSC : National Statistical Commission
NSDL : National Securities Depository Limited
NSE : National Stock Exchange
NSSO : National Sample Survey Organization
NTPC : National Thermal Power Corporation
NB : Note Bene ,Note Well
NCC : National Cadet Corps
NDF : National Defence Fund
NEFA : North East Frontier Agency
NSS : National Service Scheme
NAA : National Airport Authority
NAAC : National Assessment and Accreditation Council
NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.
NACIL : National Aviation Company of India Ltd
NADA : National Anti-Doping Agency
NAEP : National Adult Education Programme
NAFTA : North America Free Trade Agreement
NAG : National Air Guard
NALCO : National Aluminium Company Ltd.
NAM : Non-aligned Movement
NAMA : Non-Agriculture Market Access
NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of the U.S.A.)
NASDAQ : National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NASSCOM : National Association of Software
NATA : Natural Aptitude Test for Architecture
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAV : Net Asset Value
NB : Nota bene; note well, or take notice
NCA : Nuclear Command Authority
NCC : National Cadet Corps
NCEP : National Committee on Environmental Planning
NCERT : National Council of Education Research and Training
NCR : National Capital Region
NDA : National Defence Academy
NDA : National Defence Academy; National Democratic Alliance
NDNC : National Do Not Call (Registry)
NDPS : Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances
NDRF : National Disaster Response Force
NDTL : National Dope Testing Laboratory
NEDB : North-Eastern Development Bank
NeGP : National e-governance Plan
NEP : National Education Policy
NEPA : National Environment Protection Authority
NFO : New Fund Offers
NHDP : National Highways Development Project
NHRC : National Human Rights Commission
NIC : National Integration Council
NIFT : National Institute of Fashion Technology
NIO : National Institute of Oceanography
NIS : National Institute of Sports
NIT : National Institute of Technology
NLMA : National Literacy Mission Authority
NMD : Nuclear Missile Defence
NMDC : National Mineral Development Corporation
NPL : National Physical Laboratory
NPR : National Population Register
NPT : (Nuclear) Non-Proliferation Treaty
NRBI : National Rural Bank of India
NREGA : National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
NREP : National Rural Employment Programme
NRF : National Renewal Fund
NRI : Non-Resident Indian
NRR : National Reproduction Rate
NRSA : National Remote Sensing Agency
NSA : National Security Act
NSC : National Service Corps; National Security Council
NSDL : National Securities Depository Limited
NSE : National Stock Exchange
NSR : National Skills Registry
NTPC : National Thermal Power Corporation
NTPC : National Thermal Power Corporation
NWDA : National Water Development Agency
NWRC : National Water Resources Council

Letter [O] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

OD : Over Draft
ODA : Official Development Assistance
OECD : Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development
OGL : Open General License
OIC : Organization of Islamic Countries
OIL : Oil India Limited
OLTAS : On Line Tax Accounting System
OMCS : Oil Marketing Companies
ONGC : Oil And Natural Gas Commission
OPEC : Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE : Organization For Security And Cooperation In Europe
OK : All Correct
OAS : Organisation of American States
OAU : Organisation of African Unity
OBC : Other Backward Classes
OBU : Offshore Banking Unit
ODA : Official Development Assistance
ODF : Open Document Format
ODS : Ozone Depletion Substances
OECD : Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development
OGL : Open General Licence
OIC : Organisation of Islamic Countries
OIGS : On India Government Service
OIL : Oil India Limited
OM : Order of Merit
ONGC : Oil and Natural Gas Commission
OPEC : Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE : Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OSD : Officer on Special Duty
OXML : Open Extended Marking Language

Letter [P] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

PAC : Public Accounts Committee
PACS : Primary Agriculture Credit Societies
PAN : Permanent Account Number (Of Income-Tax)
PATA : Pacific-Asia Travel Association
PCI : Per capita income
PD : Primary Deficit
PDO : Public Debt Office
PDS : Public Distribution System
PIL : Public Interest Litigation
PIO : Persons Of Indian Origin
PN : Participatory Note
PNB : Punjab National Bank.
PO : Principal Office
POP : Point Of Purchase
PPF : Public Provident Fund
PPP : Public private partnership / Purchasing power parity
PSE : Public Sector Enterprises
PTA : Preferential Trade Area
PURA : Providing urban amenities in rural areas
PM : Prime Minister
PMG : Post Master General
POW : Prisoner of war
PTI : Physical Training
PTO : Please Turn Over
PWD : Public Works Deparment
PAC : Political Affairs Committee; Public Accounts Committee
PACER : Programme for Acceleration of Commercial Energy Research
PAN : Permanent Account Number
PAN : Permanent Account Number (of Income-Tax)
PATA : Pacific-Asia Travel Association
PCS : Public Civil Service; Punjab Civil Service
PhD : Doctor of Philosophy
PIB : Press Information Bureau
Pin Code : Postal Index Number Code
PIO : Persons of Indian Origin
PLF : Plant Load Factor
PM : Post Meridiem; after-noon; also Postmaster; Prime Minister; post-mortem (after death)
PMG : Postmaster General
PN : Participatory Note
PO : Post Office; Postal Order: Probationary Officer
POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants; Point of Purchase
POTA : Prevention of Terrorism Act
POW : Prisoner of War
PP : Public Prosecutor; Particular Person
PRO : Public Relations Officer
PS : Post Scriptum; Post Script; written after
PSC : Public Service Commission
PSE : Public Sector Enterprises
PSLV : Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PTA : Preferential Trade Area
PTI : Press Trust of India
PTO : Please Turn Over; Privilege Ticket Order
PUFA : Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
PVC : Param Vir Chakra
PVSM : Param Vishisht Sewa Medal
PWD : Public Works Department

Letter [Q] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

QIB : Qualified Institutional Buyer
QIP : Qualified Institutional Placement
QR : Quantitative Restriction
QMG : Quarter Master General
QR : Quantitative Restriction

Letter [R] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

RBI : Reserve Bank Of India
RDBMS : Relational Database Management System
RE : Revenue Expenditure
REC : Rural Electrification Corporation
RIDF : Rural infrastructure development fund
RMB : Renminbi (Chinese)
RR : Revenue Receipts
RRB : Regional Rural Bank
RRPI : Rural Retail Price Index
RSETI : Rural Self Employment Training Institute
RTGS : Real Time Gross Settlement
R&D : Research and Development
RSS : Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh
RSVP : Repondez S,ll Vous Plait
RADAR : Radio Detecting and Ranging
RAF : Rapid Action Force
RAM : Random Access Memory
RAW : Research & Analysis Wing
RBI : Reserve Bank of India
RBI : Reserve Bank of India
RCC : Reinforced Concrete Cement
RDF : Rapid Development Force
RDS : Radio Data Servicing
RDSS : Radio Determination Satellite Service
RDX : Research Department Explosive (Cyclotrim-ethylin Trinitrate)
RISC : Reduced instruction-set computing
RLO : Returned Letter Office
RLV : Reusable Launch Vehicle
RPM : Revolution Per Minute
RPO : Recruitment Process Outsourcing; Regional Passport Officer
RRB : Regional Rural Bank
RRPI : Rural Retail Price Index
RSS : Rashtriya Swyamsevak Sangh
RSVP : Repondez s’il vous plait (Fr.) reply, if you please
RTGS : Real Time Gross Settlement System
RTI : Right to Information

Letter [S] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation
SAFTA : South Asian Free Trade Area
SAIL : Steel Authority of India Limited
SAM : Social Accounting Matrix
SAPTA : SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement
SBI : State Bank of India.
SC : Schedule Caste
SCO : Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SCOPE : Standing Conference On Public Enterprises
SDF : shipping declaration form
SDR : Special Drawing Rights
SEBI : Securities and Exchange Board of India
SEBI : Securities And Exchange Board Of India
SEWA : Self employed woman’s association
SEZ : Special Economic Zone
SFC : State Financial Corporation
SGL : Subsidiary General Ledger
SIDBI : Small Industries Development Bank of India
SLR : Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SSI : Small-Scale Industries
ST : Schedule Tribe
STDR : Special Term Deposit Receipt
STT : Securities Transaction Tax
SWIFT : Society for Worldwide Financial Telecommunications,
SBI : State Bank of India
SC : Supreme Court ,Schedule Caste
SDI : Strategic Defence Initiative
SEATO : South East Asia treaty Organization
ST : Scheduled Tribe
SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation
SAFTA : South Asian Free Trade Area
SAIL : Steel Authority of India Limited
SAPTA : SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement
SARS : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SATNAV : Satellite Navigation (Initiative)
SAVE : SAARC Audio Visual Exchange
SC : Security Council; Supreme Court; Scheduled Caste
SCI : Shipping Corporation of India
SCO : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
SCOPE : Standing Conference on Public Enterprises
SCSI : Small Computer Systems Interface
SDO : Sub-Divisional Officer
SDR : Special Drawing Rights (created by the World Bank)
SEBI : Securities and Exchange Board of India
SEBI : Securities and Exchange Board of India
SEBI : Securities and Exchange Board of India
SENSEX : Sensitivity Index (of Share Price)
SEZ : Special Economic Zone
SFC : Strategic Forces Command
SGPC : Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee
SIDBI : Small Industries Development Bank of India
SIM : Subscriber Information Module
SIT : Special Investigation Team
SITE : Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
SLR : Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SLV : Satellite Launch Vehicle
SMS : Short Messaging Service; Subscriber Management System
SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SOS : Save Our Souls—distress signal
SPG : Special Protection Group
SPIN : Software Process Improvement Networks
SPV : Solar Photo Voltaic
SQUID : Super-conducting Quantum Interference Device
SRE : Space Capsule Recovery Experiment
SRV : Submarine Rescue Vessel
SSN : Social Security Number
STARS : Satellite Tracking and Ranging Station
START : Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
STD : Subscriber Trunk Dialling; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STEP : Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Park
STT : Securities Transaction Tax
SWAN : State-wide Area Network
SWIFT : Society for Worldwide Financial Telecommunications

Letter [T] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

TC : Temporary Change
TDS : Tax Deduction at Source
TIFR : Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research
TIN : Tax Information Network
TINXSYS : Tax Information Exchange System
TISCO : Tata Iron and Steel Company
TPDS : Targeted Public Distribution System
TRAI : Telecom Regulatory Authority Of India
TRIMS : Trade Related Investment Measures
TRIPS : Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRYSEM : Training Of Rural Youth For Self Employment
TT : Telegraphic Transfer
TA : Traveling Allowance
TB : Tuberculosis
TELEX : Tele Printer Exchange
TMO : Telegraphic Money
TTE : Traveling Ticket Examiner
TV : Television
TA : Travelling Allowance; Territorial Army
TAAI : Travel Agents Association of India
TACDE : Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment
TADA : Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
TAPS : Tarapur Atomic Power Station
TB : Tuberculosis
TCP : Transfer Call Protocol
TCP : Transfer Call Protocol<br> Transmission
TDC : Transport Development Council
TDS : Tax Deduction at Source
TDSAT : Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal
TELCO : Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
TERLS : Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
TFT : Thin-Film Transistor
TFT Thin : Film Transistor
TIFR : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
TIN : Tax Information Network
TINXSYS : Tax Information Exchange System
TISCO : Tata Iron and Steel Company
TMC : Terrain Mapping Camera
TMO : Telegraphic Money Order
TNT : Tri-nitro-toluene (high explosive)
TOEFL : Test of English as a Foreign Language
TRAI : Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
TRIMs : Trade Related Investment Measures
TRIPS : Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRP : Television Rating Points; Tax Return Preparer
TRYSEM : Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
TTE : Travelling Ticket Examiner
TTF : Tourism Task Force
TVS : T.V Sundaram(Co-Founder)

Letter [U] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
UCO : United Commercial Bank.
UN : United Nations
UNCTAD : United Nations Conference On Trade And Development
UNDP : United Nations Development Program
UNEF : United Nations Emergency Force
UNEP : United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization
UNFCCC : United nation framework convention on climate change
UNFPO : United Nations Fund For Population Activities
UNHCR : United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees
UNHRC : United Nations Human Rights Commission
UNICEF : United Nations International Children’s (Emergency) Fund
UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNRRA : United Nations Relief And Rehabilitation Administration
US : United States
USD : US Dollars
USE : United Stock Exchange
UGC : University Grants Commission
UNDP : United nations Development Programme
UNO : United Nations Organization
UAE : United Arab Emirates
UAV : Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UF : United Front
UFO : Unidentified Flying Object
UGC : University Grants Commission
UK : United Kingdom
ULFA : United Liberation Front of Assam
UN : United Nations
UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UNEF : United Nations Emergency Force
UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-sation
UNFPO : United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNHRC : United Nations Human Rights Commission
UNI : United News of India
UNICEF : United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund
UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UNRRA : United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
UNTAC : United Nations Transitional Authority for Cambodia
UNU : United Nations University
UPA : United Progressive Alliance
UPSC : Union Public Service Commission
UPTN : Universal Personal Telephone Number
URL : Uniform Resource Locator
USA : United States of America
USIS : United States Information Service
USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

Letter [V] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
VAT : Value-Added Tax
VC : Venture Capital
VDIS : Voluntary Disclosure Of Income Scheme
VRS : Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VIP : Very Important Person
VPP : Value Payable Post
VAT : Value Added Tax
VAT : Value-added Tax
VC : Vice-Chancellor; Vice Counsel; Victoria Cross; Vir Chakra
VCR : Video Cassette Recorder
VDIS : Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme
VHRR : Very High Resolution Radiometer
VIP : Very Important Person
VIRUS : Vital Information Resources Under Siege
VLSI : Very Large Scale Integration
VOIP : Voice Over Internet Protocol
Vol : Volume
VPN : Virtual Private Network
VPP : Value Payable Post
VRML : Virtual Reality Modelling Language
VRS : Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminals
VSSC : Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
VVS Laxman : Vengipurapu Venkata Sai Laxman

Letter [W] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms
WEF : World Economic Forum
WFP : World Food Program
WHO : World Health Organization
WIPO : World Intellectual Property Organization
WHO : World Health Organization
WMO : World Meteorological Organization
WADA : World Anti-Doping Agency
WAP : Wireless Application Protocol
WAVE : Wireless Access for Virtual Enterprise
WDF : Wasteland Development Force
WEF : World Economic Forum
WFP : World Food Programme
WFTU : World Federation of Trade Unions
WGIG : Working Group on Internet Governance
WHO : World Health Organisation
WIPO : World Intellectual Property Organisation
WIPRO : Western Indian Products
WLL : Wireless in Local Loop
WMD : Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMO : World Meteorological Organisation
WR : Western Railway
WTO : World Trade Organisation
WTO Abbreviationsh : World Trade Organisation (previously called GATT); also World Tourism Organisation
WWF : World Wildlife Fund
WWW : World Wide Web
WYSIWYG : What you see is what you get

Letter [X-Z] Starting Important Abbreviations Full Forms

XML : Extensible Mark-up Language
YWCA : young women,s Christian Association
YMCA : Young Men’s Christian Association
YWCA : Young Women’s Christian Association
ZAPU : Zimbabwe Africa Peoples Union
ZPZ : Zero Population Growth
ZS : Zoological Society
ZIP : Zone Improvement Plan

Farm Abbreviations

• ISSS - International Society of soil science
• AHRD - Agricultural human resource development
• ARIC - Agricultural research information center
• ARIS - Agricultural research information System
• ARS - Agricultural research service
• ATIC - Agricultural Technology Information Center
• ACIAR - Australian centre for international agricultural research
• ASTA - American spice trade association
• CAB - Commonwealth agricultural bureax
• CGIAR - Consultative group on international agricultural research (USA)
• GDP - Gross domestic product
• IBPGR - International board for plant genetic resources (Rome)
• ICARDA - International center for agricultural research in dry areas 
• ICRAF - International council for research in Agro - forestry
• IFAD - International fund for agricultural development (Rome)
• IFPRI - International food policy research institute
• IITA - International institute for tropical agriculture
• IJO - International jute organisation
• ILCA - International live stock center for Africa
• IPC - International pepper community
• ISG - International spice group
• ISRIC -International soils reference and information center
• CAZRI - Central arid zone research institute
• CIAE - Central institute of agricultural engineering
• CICR - Central institute of cotton research (Nagpur)
• CIFA - Central institute of fresh water agriculture
• CIFRI - Central inland fisheries research institute
• CIFT - Central institute of fisheries technology (Cochin)
• CIMAP - Central institute of  medicinal and aromatic plants (Lucknow)
• CMFRI - Central marine fisheries research institute
• CPRI - Central potato research institute (Simla)

Important Abbreviations Full Forms - competitive exams 2018

Important Abbreviations Full Forms - competitive exams 2018- https://a2zgkinfo.blogspot.com/2018/02/important-abbreviations-full-forms.html

PSC Current affairs questions and answers 2018- https://a2zgkinfo.blogspot.com/2018/02/psc-current-affairs-questions-and.html

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